A Comprehensive Review of 4D Printing: State of the Arts, Opportunities, and Challenges

Over the past decade, 3D printing technology has been leading manufacturing revolution. A recent development in field of added time as a fourth dimension to obtain 4D parts. fabricated design created by is static, whereas capable altering its shape response environmental factors. The phrase “4D printing” was introduced Tibbits 2013, and since grown popularity. Different smart materials, stimulus, methods have published literature promote this new technology. This review paper provides description along with features, benefits, limitations, drawbacks. also reviews variety applications fields such electronics, renewable energy, aerospace, food, healthcare, fashion wear. discusses gaps research, current challenges printing, future printing.